27.3 Bioeconomy Waste Production and Management

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operations could help develop attractive intermediates and final products. A

critical aspect of a bioprocess strategy is the financial viability associated with the

natural resilience of low carbon emissions [20]. Organic fraction of municipal solid

waste (OFMSW) can be used effectively as an anaerobic digestion feeder and a

preferred source for biogas production. The effectiveness of this structure is strongly

dependent on the location and time of separation. The assembly of food supply

and consumer welfare (FSCW) is based on the primary crude substance consider-

ations. Typically, OFMSW mainly contains a large number of organics including

carbohydrates, proteins, fats/oils, and minerals. OFMSW includes cooking and

kitchen waste from restaurants, food waste, cafes, markets, and family food waste

that are normally highly damp and generally biodegradable [20]. Recyclables are

collected through many approaches that may include (i) single-stream separation

(path separation of coexisting recyclables), (ii) separate path for the recyclables

which are isolated, (iii) path separation of blended MSW multi-method separation,

(iv) drop-off and systems for repurchase, (v) deposit mandates and legislations, and

(vi) industrial and modern segregation driven through public interest generator.

Reuse of material from waste streams should be supplemented by actions such

as (i) legislation/compulsory projects, (ii) voluntary projects by private and public

organizations or institutions, and (iii) reward or incentives-based policies.

Based on the nature and composition of the waste stream, a variety of items can be

generated or created. Through different methods based on physical, chemical, or bio-

chemical processes, high-value materials from different streams of OFMSW can be

produced [21]. Bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, carotenoids, nutrients,

cell fortification, flavonoids, fibers, and gelatin, are generally used as additives in the

food industry and active compounds in the manufacture of various pharmaceutical

products. Citrus, apple pomace, and berries are a rich source of phenolic compounds.

Citrus strips, apple pomace, sugar beet, watermelon, and sunflower heads are a

source of gelatin that is used as gelling, thickening, and balancing agent in the food

processing industries. Stripping of biocolors from pastry shops has also been pro-

posed. Research was conducted on bread kitchen waste which was converted into

hydrolyzate and tested biocolorants development by staining using parasitic stain of

Monascus purpureus. Common shades derived from organic sources can be used in

food and meat application. The regular color hues increase from 55% in 2015 to 60%

and is expected to increase though advertisements by 2026. Agricultural waste, ani-

mal waste, and food processing are used in the production of biosurfactants as soon

as possible. Sophorolipids, rhamnolipids, and surfactin contain a variety of mechan-

ical properties, including glues, moisturizing flocculating and frothing specialists,

de-emulsifiers, and penetrators.

In addition, biosurfactants are also acts as a pesticide for bioremediation.

Bioethanol assembly is a well-known process for valorization of FSCW by microbial

bioconversions. Studies have been done on family food product waste, waste

from restaurant, and also skin/peels of fruits and vegetables on their potential to

produce ethanol from MSW schemes. Some researchers have also described the

valorization of FSCW to create wealth from waste in the form of synthetic materials,

intermediate materials, biofuel precursors, and biodegradable [22].